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History

How Leslieville became Leslieville

From market gardens and factory smoke to Victorian semis and restaurant strips. The east end has been changing for 150 years, and most of what makes it worth living in today comes from what it used to be.

George Leslie and the market garden

The neighbourhood's name comes from George Leslie, a Scottish immigrant who established a large market garden and nursery on this land in the mid-1800s. At its peak, the Leslie nursery covered a significant portion of what are now the residential streets between Queen East and Gerrard. Leslie grew and sold fruit trees, ornamental shrubs, and garden plants to the expanding city, and his land was well outside Toronto's urban boundary at the time. The city was still concentrated west of the Don River, and what is now Leslieville was farmland and orchards on the city's eastern fringe.

The Leslie family's presence was established enough that the area began to be called Leslieville informally by the 1880s, even before the land was subdivided and sold for development. George Leslie died in 1879, but the nursery continued under the family for some years after. By the time the last of the orchard land was broken up for housing in the early 1900s, the name had stuck.

The industrial era

From the 1880s through the mid-20th century, Leslieville and the surrounding South Riverdale area were working-class industrial district. The corridor along Eastern Avenue and the lakefront attracted manufacturing operations of a type the city now no longer permits anywhere near residential land: abattoirs, rendering plants, and meat-packing facilities clustered near the Don Valley because the river provided water access and a way to dispose of waste. Metal foundries, woodworking shops, and later, auto-related industries occupied the blocks between Eastern Avenue and Lake Shore.

The character this industrial history gave the neighbourhood was real and lasting. Leslieville was not a genteel Victorian suburb. It was where factory workers and tradespeople lived close to where they worked. The streets were dense, functional, and mixed. The housing that went up in the late 1800s and early 1900s was built for people who needed somewhere practical to live, not a showcase neighbourhood. That plainness is part of why the Victorian semis have aged well: they were built solidly because the people who built them had no reason to cut corners for show.

The housing stock

The brick semi-detached houses that line Leslieville's side streets were built in waves from roughly the 1880s through the 1910s to house the workers employed in nearby factories and at the railway. The lots run narrow, typically 20 to 25 feet wide, and deep. The construction is solid red or yellow brick with modest ornamental detailing. Porches were standard, because the street was where social life happened when the houses were small. The interiors were not large, often under 1,200 square feet across two storeys, but the bones were built to last.

These are the same houses that now sell for well over a million dollars. Very little about the exterior has changed on many of them. The main transformations have happened inside, where kitchens and bathrooms have been renovated through successive ownership, and in some cases walls removed to open up the narrow footprint. The houses that retained original details, plaster ceilings, stained glass transoms above the front door, original trim, tend to attract a particular kind of buyer now. The ones that were stripped bare and renovated cheaply attract a different kind. Both categories exist throughout the neighbourhood in roughly equal proportion.

Gentrification and what it changed

The transformation of Leslieville began in the late 1980s and gathered speed through the 1990s. Artists arrived first, drawn by cheap rents in a neighbourhood that hadn't yet been discovered. Old industrial buildings along Carlaw Avenue and the side streets off Eastern Avenue had space that landlords were willing to rent for almost nothing. Studios, printshops, and live/work lofts moved in. The Queen East strip began to fill with independent businesses because the rents were low enough that someone with a good idea and limited capital could take a chance.

By the early 2000s, the restaurant concentration along Queen East was already notable. By 2010, Leslieville had developed the reputation it still holds: one of the few urban neighbourhoods in Toronto where the commercial strip is genuinely independent, where almost nothing is a chain, and where the neighbourhood retained a street culture that money can accelerate but not easily manufacture. Prices have increased significantly through each decade since. The people who arrived in the 1990s for cheap rents are now sitting on houses worth multiples of what they paid.

What was lost in that process is worth naming. The industrial uses that sustained the working class who built the neighbourhood are gone. The affordability that made it accessible to artists and young families in the 1990s is gone. Some of the rougher commercial businesses that gave the strip its character have been replaced by restaurants that cater to the neighbourhood's current income levels rather than the ones it was built around. The neighbourhood is more pleasant and more expensive than it was 30 years ago, and those two things are related.

The name versus the official designation

Toronto's planning documents and the City's official neighbourhood map call this area South Riverdale. The name covers a broader district than what most people mean when they say Leslieville. South Riverdale runs from the Don River in the west to Woodbine in the east, and from Gerrard Street south to the lake, which takes in the Riverdale and Riverside areas to the north and west that have somewhat different characters from the Queen East corridor.

Leslieville, as most people use the word, refers specifically to the area centred on the Queen Street East commercial strip from roughly Broadview to Leslie. That is the name the neighbourhood gave itself and the name the real estate market uses. It persists partly because it predates the planning designation and partly because it describes something more specific: a place with a particular feel and street life that the broader South Riverdale boundary doesn't fully capture.

Built heritage worth knowing

The most photographed building in the neighbourhood is the Leslieville Pumps, a former gas station on Queen East that has been repurposed as a restaurant. The canopy and pump island are still visible in the building's form, giving it a distinctly different footprint from the storefronts around it. It sits as a reminder that Queen East was primarily a service corridor for most of the 20th century, not the restaurant destination it has become.

The Victorian streetscapes on the residential side streets off Queen, particularly along Jones Avenue, Curzon Street, and Leslie Street north of Queen, are largely intact. The rhythm of the semi-detached pairs, front porches, bay windows, and mature street trees is a consistent texture through most of the neighbourhood's residential grid. Some infill condos have been built on old industrial lots, particularly along Carlaw, Logan, and the Eastern Avenue corridor, but the core residential streets between Queen and Gerrard are remarkably consistent with what was built 120 years ago.


Questions about Leslieville's history

Why is it called Leslieville?
The neighbourhood takes its name from George Leslie, a Scottish-born horticulturalist and market gardener who operated a large nursery on this land from the mid-1800s. The Leslie nursery covered a considerable area of what are now the residential streets between Queen East and Gerrard, selling fruit trees, ornamental plants, and nursery stock to the city as it expanded eastward. By the time George Leslie died in 1879, the family had been on the land long enough that residents in the surrounding area were already using the name informally. When the land was eventually subdivided for residential development in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the name Leslieville had been in common use for long enough that it stuck, even as the city grew around it and the nursery disappeared entirely.
When was Leslieville built?
Most of the residential housing stock in Leslieville was built between roughly 1885 and 1915, in the wave of urban expansion that pushed Toronto's east end outward from the Don River toward Woodbine. The industrial operations along Eastern Avenue and the lake came first, in the 1870s and 1880s, and the housing followed as workers needed somewhere to live close to the factories. The semi-detached Victorian and Edwardian brick houses that define the neighbourhood's streets were built on land that had been, within living memory, the Leslie family's nursery and surrounding farmland. Construction continued in smaller waves through the 1920s and 1930s on remaining vacant lots, but the core of the neighbourhood's character was established in those three decades around the turn of the 20th century.
Was Leslieville always residential?
Before the residential streets went in, the land was a large market garden and nursery. Before that, it was farmland on the eastern fringe of a much smaller city. The industrial phase ran alongside the residential period rather than before it: as housing was built for factory workers, the factories along Eastern Avenue and the lakefront were active and expanding. The two uses coexisted from roughly the 1880s through the mid-20th century, with the industrial buildings operating within a few blocks of the residential streets. The heavy industrial uses wound down through the latter half of the 20th century as manufacturing left the city. By the time artists and residents began repurposing the old industrial buildings in the 1990s, most of the factories had already been vacant for years.
How has Leslieville changed in the last 30 years?
Thirty years ago, Leslieville was an affordable, overlooked neighbourhood with cheap rents, vacant industrial buildings, and a Queen East strip that had more auto shops and discount stores than restaurants. The transformation started with artists and small business owners who arrived in the late 1980s and 1990s because the rents were low. The restaurant density built up gradually through the 1990s and accelerated in the 2000s, and the neighbourhood developed a reputation for independent food and retail that it still holds. Property prices have increased significantly across each decade since. Semi-detached houses that sold for under $200,000 in the mid-1990s now sell for over a million. The population has changed substantially in income level, though the neighbourhood has retained more of its original character than most comparable areas in Toronto partly because the housing stock was already built and couldn't be replaced wholesale, and partly because the Queen East strip developed a street culture that proved durable even as its clientele changed.

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